Prevalence of fluorosis among children aged 12 years, living in urban and peri-urban areas of Quetta district, Balochistan

Fluorosis is a condition of structural disorder of the tooth surface during tooth development, which is denoted as enamel hypoplasia. The most common cause of dental fluorosis is the chronic exposure to excessive fluoride particularly in drinking water at the younger age. The aims of this study were to determine prevalence of fluorosis among primary school children in urban and peri-urban areas of Quetta district. Cross sectional study. This study was conducted at Bolan Medical College, Quetta for a period of one month from March to April 2009. Clinical dental examination of school children aged 12 years was conducted for evidence of dental fluorosis using Dean's fluorosis index and the criteria mentioned in WHO oral health surveys methods 4[th] edition 1997. A total of 153 school children aged 12 years,78 [51%] boys and 75 [49%] girls, who have lived in urban and rural areas of Quetta sub district, were randomly selected from the four schools including boys and girls both. Fluorosis was found to be more prevalent in urban school children [60%] as compared with children living in peri-urban areas [47%] with OR .614 [.323, 1.166] and p-value .135. The boys had a slightly higher prevalence of fluorosis as compared with girls 56% and 52% respectively. OR .837 [.443, 1.582] and p-value .584 recorded which were not statically significant. This study highlighted the high prevalence of fluorosis, more than half of the school children, in urban and rural areas of Quetta district Pakistan. Comparatively, fluorosis is more prevalent in urban areas than in rural

Differences in tooth size ratio between male and female patients reporting to OPD of orthodontic department LUMHS, Hyderabad/ Jamshoro

This was a cross sectional study aimed to assess differences in tooth size ratio between male and female patients reporting to OPD of orthodontic department L.U.M.H.S Hyderabad/ Jamshoro. Cross sectional study. This study was conducted at the Dental OPD of Orthodontic Department, Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences, Hyderabad/ Jamshoro. The study was carried out on 100 [50 male, 50 female] study casts. Criteria for selection of the study casts were pretreatment orthodontic casts with neutral occlusion [Angle Class I] and fully erupted permanent teeth with no dental anomalies. The individual mesiodistal tooth size was measured with a Boley's gauge. The mean and standard deviation were calculated for the size of the teeth and the interarch tooth width ratios both anterior and overall. The ratios for the tooth size were compared to the original Bolton ratio. The overall ratio was found to be 91.42 almost equivalent to the original Bolton ratio of 91.3, whereas the anterior ratio was found to be 79.02, higher than the 77.1 as calculated by Bolton. The mean values for the overall and anterior ratio for the male and female subjects determined which were not statistically significant. Standard deviations for overall and anterior ratio were larger than the Boltons' value. There were no significant differences between the mean overall and anterior tooth width ratio of males and females. Even though the values are not significantly high, a careful analysis of interarch tooth size relationship [Bolton's ratio] should be added along with other diagnostic considerations before initiating orthodontic treatment for better finishing and stability

Comparison of cephalometric norms of pleasing faces reporting to OPD of orthodontic department L.U.M.H.S Jamshoro / Hyderabad

This study was aimed to analyze cephalometric norms in Pakistani population in comparison with the standards of European-American Adults. Cross sectional study. This study was carried out at Dental OPD Department of Orthodontic Dentistry Liaquat University Hospital Hyderabad/Jamshoro from August 2012 to December 2012. Cephalometric norms were analyzed on a sample of 60 patients, with full complement of permanent teeth and no previous orthodontic treatment. The consent was taken and the patients were informed for the amount of radiation exposure related to cephalometric radiography. Lateral cephalometric radiographs of the patients were exposed in centric occlusion. The cephalometric radiographs of patients were traced manually on acetate papers. Each radiograph of the patient was traced at the same sitting to minimize tracing errors. In this study nasolabial angles were measured for comparison with European-American Adults. The database of study sample measurements was developed in SPSS version 17. The arithmetic mean, range and standard deviation for all the concerned variables were determined using the above-mentioned software with the help of SPSS processor. P value < 0.05 was considered significant. The results suggest that the study sample comprised of [53.3%] males and 28 [46.7%] females. Nasolabial angle of the patients were statistically analyzed and the minimum angle noted was 90 degree, maximum was 150 degree, mean angle was 108.45 degree and standard deviation was 10.98 degrees [p < 0.001]. Females showed more sharp nasolabial angles [p < 0.01]. Comparisons revealed statistically significant differences in cephalometric norms between the study population in comparison to standers of European-American population